Definition
Generally, a data citation refers to an entry for a dataset within the reference list of an article, book, conference proceeding, or other document. Datasets can also be cited when they are in a repository. Datasets are often not listed within the references, however, and may sometimes be noted in the methods section or the acknowledgements. While adding information about the dataset in various parts of an article can be considered a data citation, these mentions will not be captured by standard citation counting methods, and so will not be included in databases that track citation counts.
Data citation from figshare:
Schiavo, Jennifer (2020): Innate and plastic mechanisms in auditory cortex for maternal behavior. figshare. Collection. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5043830.v6
Data citation from ICPSR: Kovner, Christine Tassone, and Brewer, Carol S. Newly Licensed Registered Nurse Quality Improvement Survey 1, 2008. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2021-01-27. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36817.v3
Relevant Literature
Force11 is an organization that supports scholarly communications and they worked with other organizations to develop a Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles: https://force11.org/info/joint-declaration-of-data-citation-principles-final/